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<title>Christopher Merret</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Merret</span></h1>

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<p><b>Christopher Merret</b> (oder <i>Merrett</i>, * <a href="16._Februar" title="16. Februar">16. Februar</a> <a href="1614" title="1614">1614</a> in <a href="Winchcombe" title="Winchcombe">Winchcombe</a>, <a href="Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>; † <a href="19._August" title="19. August">19. August</a> <a href="1695" title="1695">1695</a> in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>) war ein <a href="K%C3%B6nigreich_England" title="Königreich England">englischer</a> Arzt und Naturforscher.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Wirken">Leben und Wirken</h2></div>

<p>Merret war der Sohn seines gleichnamigen Vaters. 1631 wurde er als Student der <a href="Gloucester_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester Hall">Gloucester Hall</a> in <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> zugelassen. Nach etwa zwei Jahren wechselte Merret an das <a href="Oriel_College" title="Oriel College">Oriel College</a>, wo er am 24. Januar 1634<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> als Baccalaureus Artium (B.A.) graduierte. Er wechselte zurück zur Gloucester Hall, um dort Medizin zu studieren. Am 30. Juni 1636<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erwarb er dort den Grad eines Medicinae Baccalaureus (M.B.). Am 31. Januar 1643<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde Merret schließlich zum <a href="Doktor_der_Medizin" title="Doktor der Medizin">Doctor Medicinae</a> (D.M.) promoviert.

</p><p>Etwa 1640 ließ er sich in <a href="London" title="London">London</a> nieder. Merret heiratete Ann Jenour (oder Jenner), mit der er mindestens zwei Söhne hatte.

</p><p>Am 30. September 1648<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde er Kandidat des <a href="Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> und am 16. Mai 1651 dessen „<a href="Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a>“. 1654<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hielt Merret die Goulston-Vorlesung. Mehrfach (1657, 1658, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663 und 1670) wirkte er als Zensor des Colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-Munk_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Am 25. Juni 1681<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde als Mitglied des Colleges ausgeschlossen.

</p><p>Am 2. Februar 1654 wurde ein Neubau für die Bibliothek des Royal College of Physicians eröffnet. Auf Vorschlag von <a href="William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> wurde Merret zu dessen <a href="Kurator_(Museum)" title="Kurator (Museum)">Kurator</a> auf Lebenszeit ernannt. Damit verbunden war ein Stipendium von 20 Pfund im Jahr sowie mietfreie Unterkunft im Kolleghaus in Amen Corner.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Auf Anregung von <a href="Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> übersetzte er <a href="Antonio_Neri_(Alchemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Neri (Alchemist)">Antonio Neris</a> Schrift <i><a href="L%E2%80%99arte_vetraria" class="mw-redirect" title="L’arte vetraria">L’arte vetraria</a></i> (1612). Merret wiederholte dessen Experimente und fügte dem Werk eigene Beobachtungen hinzu, wodurch sich der Umfang des Werkes fast verdoppelte. Die Übersetzung wurde 1662 unter dem Titel <i>The art of glass</i> in London veröffentlicht. Die Übersetzung wurde ergänzt mit <a href="Robert_Moray" title="Robert Moray">Robert Morays</a> Experimenten an den <a href="Bologneser_Tr%C3%A4ne" title="Bologneser Träne">Prince Ruperts Tropfen</a>, über die dieser am 14. August 1661 vor der <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> berichtete.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Am 20. Mai 1663 wurde Merret Mitglied („<a href="Original_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Fellow">Original Fellow</a>“) der <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Am 22. Juli 1685 wurde er ausgeschlossen, da er seinen Mitgliedsbeitrag nicht zahlte.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Am 17. Dezember 1662<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> präsentierte er seine Beobachtungen über die Modifikation von Weine in der Royal Society. In diesem Werk beschreibt Merret eine Methode wie die Winzer durch Zugabe von entsprechenden Mengen an Zucker oder <a href="Melasse" title="Melasse">Melasse</a>, die Weine erfrischend und prickelnd machen können (siehe auch <a href="Schaumwein" title="Schaumwein">Schaumweine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Das 1666 veröffentlichte <i>Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum</i> gilt als eine erste Beschreibung der englischen Fauna, inklusive einer Beschreibungen von Fossilien und <a href="Mineralien" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralien">Mineralien</a>.

</p><p>Seine letzten Jahre verbrachte Merret in seinem Haus in Hatton Garden. Er wurde auf dem Friedhof von <a href="St_Andrew_(Holborn)" title="St Andrew (Holborn)">St Andrew</a> in London bestattet.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften_(Auswahl)"><span id="Schriften_.28Auswahl.29"></span>Schriften (Auswahl)</h2></div>

<p><b>Bücher</b>

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<ul><li><i>Catalogus librorum, instrumentorum chirurgicorum, rerum curiosarum, exoticarumque Coll. Med. Lond. Quae Habentur in Musaeo Harveano.</i> London 1660.</li>

<li><i>A collection of acts of Parliament, charters, trials at law, and judges opinion concerning those grants to the Colledge of Physicians London, taken from the originals, law-books, and annals, commanded by Sir Edward Alston Kt., president, and the elects and censors.</i> London 1660 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A50695.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Volltext</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jnnj8gh3/items?canvas=15">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>The art of glass wherein are shown the wayes to make and colour glass, pastes, enamels, lakes, and other curiosities […].</i> London 1662 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A52796.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Volltext</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-art-of-glass-_neri-antonio_1662">Digitalisat</a>) – Übersetzung von <a href="Antonio_Neri_(Alchemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Neri (Alchemist)">Antonio Neris</a> <i>L’ Arte vetraria distinta in libri sette</i>.</li>

<li><i>Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum, continens vegetabilia, animalia et fossilia in hac insula reperta inchoatus.</i> F. & T. Warren, London 1666 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=I3Aa1hZDl4YC&pg=PP7">Digitalisat</a>).

<ul><li>Neuauflage, T. Roycroft, London 1667 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/zoom/13174279">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul></li>

<li><i>A Short View of the Frauds, and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries. As Well in Relation to Patients, as Physicians, and of the Only Remedy Thereof by Physicians Making Their Own Medicines.</i> James Allestry, London 1669 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=-FQYtAEACAAJ&pg=PA3">Digitalisat</a>).

<ul><li>2. Auflage. James Allestry, London 1670 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104020z.image">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul></li>

<li><i>Some observations concerning the ordering of wines.</i> In: Walter Charleton: <i>Two discourses.</i> London 1669, S. 201–230 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A32715.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">Volltext</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=XMc6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA201">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Self-conviction, or, An enumeration of the absurdities, railings against the college, and physicians in general (but more especially, the writers against the apothecaries), non-sence, irrational conclusions, falsities in matters of fact, and in quotations, concessions, &c. of a nameless person and also, an answer to the rest of Lex talionis.</i> London 1670 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A50698.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Volltext</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=ixRmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>The accomplisht physician, the honest apothecary, and the skilful chyrurgeon detecting their necessary connexion and dependence on each other : withall a discovery of the frauds of the quacking empirick, the praescribing surgeon, and the practicing apothecary.</i> London 1670 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A50694.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Volltext</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=iRRmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul>

<p><b>Zeitschriftenbeiträge</b>

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<ul><li><i>Observations concerning the uniting of barks of trees cut, to the tree it self.</i> In: <i><a href="Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions</a>.</i> Band 2, Nr. 25, 6. Mai 1667, S. 453–454 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1666.0014" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0014">doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0014</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101202">101202</a>).</li>

<li><i>An experiment of making cherry-trees, that have withered fruit, to bear full and good fruit; and of recovering the almost withered fruit.</i> In: <i>Philosophical Transactions.</i> Band 2, Nr. 25, 6. Mai 1667, S. 455 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1666.0015" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0015">doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0015</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101203">101203</a>).</li>

<li><i>An experiment on Aloe Americana Serrati-folia weighed; seeming to import a circulation of the sappe in plants.</i> In: <i>Philosophical Transactions.</i> Band 2, Nr. 25, 6. Mai 1667, S. 455–457 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1666.0015" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0015">doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0015</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101204">101204</a>).</li>

<li><i>A description of several kinds of granaries, as those of London, of Dantzick, and in Muscovy.</i> In: <i>Philosophical Transactions.</i> Band 2, Nr. 25, 6. Mai 1667, S. 453–454 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1666.0021" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0021">doi:10.1098/rstl.1666.0021</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101209">101209</a>).</li>

<li><i>A relation of the tinn-mines, and working of tinn in the county of Cornwal.</i> In: <i>Philosophical Transactions.</i> Band 12, Nr. 138, 25. März 1678, S. 949–952 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1677.0039" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0039">doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0039</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101794">101794</a>)</li>

<li><i>The art of refining.</i> In: <i>Philosophical Transactions.</i> Band 12, Nr. 142, 28. Februar 1679, S. 1046–1052 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1677.0069" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0069">doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0069</a>, <a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/101824">101824</a>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li>D. E. Allen: <i>Merret [Merrett], Christopher (1614–1695)</i>. In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Hrsg.): <i><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/18599" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18599">doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18599</a> <small>(Lizenz erforderlich)</small>, Stand: 2004.</li>

<li>G. S. Boulger: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Merret, Christopher</cite>. In: <a href="Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Sidney Lee</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>: <i>Masquerier – Millyng</i>. MacMillan & Co., Smith, Elder & Co., New York City / London 1894, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>288–289</span> (englisch, <a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Merret,_Christopher" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Merret, Christopher">Volltext</a> [<a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Christopher+Merret&rft.atitle=Merret%2C+Christopher&rft.au=G.+S.+Boulger&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1894&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=288-289&rft.place=New+York+City+%2F+London&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co.%2C+Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co.&rft.volume=Band+37%3A+Masquerier+-+Millyng" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Charles Dodds: <i>Christopher Merrett, F.R.C.P. (1614–1695), First Harveian Librarian.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.</i> Band 47, Nr. 12, 1954, S. 1053–1056 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/003591575404701207" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1177/003591575404701207">doi:10.1177/003591575404701207</a>).</li>

<li>M. J. Y. Foley: <i>Christopher Merrett’s Pinax rerum naturalium britannicarum (1666): annotations to what is believed to be the author’s personal copy.</i> In: <i>Archives of natural history.</i> Band 33, Nr. 2, 2006, S. 191–201 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2006.33.2.191" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.3366/anh.2006.33.2.191">doi:10.3366/anh.2006.33.2.191</a>).</li>

<li>Albert J. Koinm: <i>Christopher Merret’s Use of Experiment.</i> In: <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London.</i> Band 54, Nr. 1, 2000, S. 23–32 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0093" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0093">doi:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0093</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/54/1/23.full.pdf">PDF</a>).</li>

<li><i>William How and Christopher Merret.</i> In: Charles E. Raven: <i>Early English Naturalists From Neckham to Ray.</i> Cambridge 1947, S. 298–338.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-Munk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Munk_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="William_Munk" title="William Munk">William Munk</a>: <i>The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London.</i> 2. Auflage, Band 1, 1878, S. 258 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=6MOF_O54oTkC&pg=PA258">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Munk: <i>The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London.</i> 2. Auflage, Band 1, 1878, S. 262 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=6MOF_O54oTkC&pg=PA262">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Dodds: <i>Christopher Merrett, F.R.C.P. (1614–1695), First Harveian Librarian.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.</i> Band 47, Nr. 12, 1954, S. 1053.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurel Brodsley, Frederick Charles Frank, John Wickham Steeds: <i>Prince Rupert’s drops.</i> In: <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society.</i> Band 41, 1986, S. 1–26 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1986.0001" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rsnr.1986.0001">doi:10.1098/rsnr.1986.0001</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA8074&pos=1"><i>Merrett; Christopher (? 1614–1695)</i></a> im Archiv der <i><a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></i>, London<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/rbo_2ii_14/some-observations-concerning-the-ordering-of-wynes-wines-presented-to-the-royall-society-by-christopher-merrett">'Some Observations concerning the ordering of Wynes presented to the Royall Society' by Christopher Merrett, 17 December 1662, RBO/2ii/14</a> The Royal Society Archives, London, abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2024.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christopher Merrett and the beginnings of champagne</i>, abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2024.</span>

</li>

</ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christopher_Merret?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Christopher Merret</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.rcp.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/christopher-merrett">Eintrag</a> auf der Website des <a href="Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mineralogicalrecord.com/new_biobibliography/merrett-christoph/">Eintrag</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mineralogicalrecord.com/">The Mineralogical Record</a></li></ul>

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Normdaten (Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124315410">124315410</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85010264">n85010264</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51905610/">51905610</a></span> | </div>

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